Indicator



- May 10, 1932. p, KQLLSMAN 1,857,311

INDICATOR Filed Deu. 1o, 1931v 2 sheets-sheet 1 H Le? 33 In? 3X f3 gg,4f/32) Zfzffwfl, 52

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May 10, 1932 P. KoLLsMAN l 1,857,311

Patented May l0, 1932 UNITED STATES PAUL KOLLSMAN, OF WOODHAVEN, NEWYORK INDICATOR Application led December 10, 1931.

This invention relates to indicators. l One object of theinvention is toprovide an instrument having pointer and reference means having animproved l coordination 5 which may be characterized in that the sum ofthe setting changes intheir respective 1ndications is zero, thlsimproved arrangement being applicable regardless Whether the referencemeans be in the formof a mark or scale, and irrespective of the natureof the pointer means as fuliilling an indicating function; differentlystated, the pointer, reference means and scale are moved relatively toyeach other in such a manner that the pointer and reference mark ineffect move in opposite directions relatively to a zero or other initialmark on the scale. For purposes of illustration, this may beaccomplished by moving-the pointer and reference means in oppositedirections with respect to a relatively stationary scale, or by movingthe scale and either the reference means or pointer in the samedirection but/to a greater degree or twice the angular distance of thescale.

By the arrangement above noted, the use of the instrument and thereading thereof` is greatly simplified. lFor example, if pointers andreference means are moved in the same direction, itis necessary to havea plurality of scale indicia so that the scale indicati-on of thereference means may be subtracted from that of the pointer means. Theprovision of a plurality of scale indiciatends to ill up the instrumentdial'and to render observation of the same confusing and tiresome. Ifthe scale indicia for the reference means be omitted, then it isnecessary for the observer to mentally subtract the reading of thereference means from that of the scale means. v

To demonstrate the clear advantage that results from an arrangementwhereby the pointer, reference means and scale have such interrelativemovements that the pointer and reference means are in opposed relationsto the zero mark of the scale, it maybe assumed that an aviator is flyinat an altitude of 1000 feet and desires to lan\. He may obtain theRussutn serial No. 580,119. APR .9 1QU barometric pressure at the eld,as-by-radio message, and hence obtain the corresponding numeral in feetlaltitude, which may be assumed to be 200 feet. Now he sets thevreference mark at 200 feet, causing the pointer to move relativelyoppositely from 1000 feet to 800 feet, which is the elevation of theaviator above the field. It will be noted that vide an altimeter havinga barometric scale and a scale graduated in feet, the pointers and theircorresponding reference means bein moved in different degrees and sothat the changes in the readings vary in opposite direction and in suchmanner as to cancel each other and amount to zero on the basis ofaltitude barometric pressure equivalency.

Another obj ect is to provide improved dial arrangements which are easyand convenient to read and observe; for instance a plurality :'80

of concentric scales following the decimal system; or wherein thepointers or reference means are movable in the ratio of l to 10, forordinary indicating and also for setting action if desired, preferablywith coincidence at'the common zero of the scales.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved indicatorincluding means for rotating the indicator and its associated partsrelative to a casing or supporting means therefor so as to bring one ofa plurality of the pointers into a position for indicating a desiredcondition and hence the occurrence of any deviation therefrom; forexample, if the instrument is to be used to indicate level flight, thenthe indicator may be turned-to move the large pointer, when the requiredaltitude is attained, to extend horizontally, and therefore if thealtitude increases or decreases the pointer moves correspondingly upwardor downward.

Another object is to provide a device of the nature set forth includlnga plurality' of point ers and reference means together with improvedmeans for causing a setting movementA .of the instrument to change-thescale indications or a movement of the ointer operating mechanism toether with t e pointer,and reference and sea e means so that theinstrument indications are unchanged, and a pointer is brought into adesired condition indicating relation.

' Another object of the invention is to construct an improved indicatinginstrument having improved meansy for adjusting the relation between thereference, pointer, and

scale means, in a convenient and reliable manner.

Another object of the inventlon 1s to pro- .vide an instrument havingimproved co-ordiarrangements of parts hereinafter described in theirpreferred embodiments, pointed out in the subjoined claims, andillustrated on the annexed drawings, wherein like parts are designated bthe same reference characters throughout t e several views.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a. view in central vertical section showing a deviceembodying the invention.

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary front view of a detail of 'the drive mechanism.

Fig. 3 is a planv view of the instrument shown in Fig. 1 but on areduced scale.

Fig. 4 is a plan view of a modified instrument showing a different dialand the instrument being set for reference indicating and conditionmaintenance positions.

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary central vertical sectional view showing anothermodification of the invention.

Fig. 6 is a plan view on a reduced scale of the device shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view showing` fragments of dials in plan viewand different y relationships of pointer, scale and reference means.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary sectional View showing details of 'a furthermodification.

Fig. 9v is a plan view showing a modified.

vices may be produced embodying less than the whole.

It will be obvious to .those skilled in the art to which this inventionappertains, that the same may be incorporated in several differentconstructions. The accompanying drawings, therefore, are submittedmerely as showing the preferred exemplification ofthe inventioni Thisinvention is applicable to altimeters, tachometcrs, and indicators forstress, flow, air speed, and the like.

The ideal instrument, `especially in the case of altimeters, has aplurality of pointers, one for sensitivity and the other for range.These pointers are associated with reference and scale means tofacilitate setting the instrument as against a certain condition withrespect to whlch indicator readings are desired. Preferably thereference reading occurs in such manner that it is automaticallysubtracted or added to the indicator reading as the case may be. Thisrelation may be practised in connected vwith scales one or both of whichmay be graduated in feet altitude or in inches. of Abarometric or othersimilar or equivalent units. In either case and as long as there is acommon basic relationship be tween the scales, equivalent changes inthereadings of both scales is desirable in such manner that one change ispositive and the other negative. If the changes in readings were ofsimilar sign, it wou d be necessary to subtract a proposed change insetting,`

for the barometric scale, a pressure corre sponding thereto. Both scalesare preferably concentric. Moreover, a plurality of concentric altitudescales may be used or a single altitude scale which may be common toboth vinters, and even to the reference means 1f desired. Such scale maybe graduated according to a decimal system, or else the pointers, reerence means may be movable relative to each other in a ratio such asone is to ten or any multiple thereof. -These pointers and referencemeans may have a coinciding position at a zero or initial point of a'plurality of the scales, since this together with the one to ten ratioof movement defines an inherent characteristic in the im,- provedsimplified arrangement of my in# strument. The ideal indicator includesa,

With a characteristics whereby it is rotatable relative to its casing.or mounting, so that the larger pointer may extend for instancehorizontally to afford a direct level Hight indication and withoutchanging the'relatio'n'- indications can be varied to effect the-desiredadjustment. For example, a relative adjusting movement may be causedbetween the scale means and elther the reference or pointer means. Thiscan be readily effected,

since, according to my invention, an4 associated, unitary or singlemeans. may be brought into play to selectively cause said adjustment, orto set the instrument readings7 or to set the instrument in thecondition indicating position without changing the readings. The

adjusting means is preferably ordinarily vlocked to avoid accidentaloperation thereof, since the various parts of the instrument mightotherwise be thrown out of synchronized relation so that the instrumentwould have to be given a laboratory adjustment and might be uselessuntil then.

Referring in detail to the drawings, 10 denotes a device lembodying theinvention. The

80 same may include an indicator having suitable operating means ormechanism, all conventionally denoted by 11, and which may be responsiveto any desired measurable condition, such as barometric pressure. Forthis mechanism or indicator 11, any support or casing 12 may be providedwhich is adapted to be mounted preferably stationarily on an instrumentboard. Rotatably supporting the indicator in the casing are any suitablemeans including, for instance, a hub 13 secured to the rear of thecasing, in which hub a stub shaft 14 of the indicator may be jonrnaledand retained by a screw 15. At the front of the indicator, a flange ordisc ele-v Ament 16 may be provided, which is prefer-l ably in thenature of a gear fixed to the indicator, as in concentric relationtherewith. This gear may have a circular portion or recess 17 aEording abearing engagement with the casing at an angular'f portion thereof,

whereby an annular enlargement 19 is afforded for receiving the toothedpart of the gear.

Associated with the gear 16 is a gear 205 Mwhich may be concentric andof equal diameter with thegear 16 and may be rotatable relativelythereto. This gear 20 may be mounted in a suitable manner, preferably onthe support or gear 16,. Thus the latter may l0 have a bearing portionor recess 21, and the gear 2O may have a portion or hub 22 journaledtherein. Said hub 22 may be in the form of a cylinder and may have anend wall 23. For the purpose of externally mount- 05 ing certain driveelements as hereinafter disclosed, the hub 22 may be said to constitutea hollow shaft. J

Journaled on the member 22 is a gear 24 which may be disposed alongsideof the gear 16and is of equal diameter and having teeth sifilar to thoseof the gear 16. Secured to the gear 24 in concentric relation therewithis a gear 25 which may lie alongside the gear 20.. Also journaled on theshaft 22 on the opposite side ofthe gear 2O is a gear 26 Which may besomewhat larger in diameter if desired than gear 25. This gear may carrya reference or scale means 27.

Interconnecting the gears 25 and 26 is a gear train including pinions28, 29 rotatably concentrically mounted at 3() on gear 20 at oppositesides thereof. The pinion 28 engages gear 25 and pinion 29 ma engage agear 31 which in turn engages the gear 26,

whereby relative rotation may be caused between the gears 20 and 26.Since a dial 32 is fixed relative to gear 20, as at the portion 23thereof, and this dial having a window 33 through which the referencescale 27 may be observed, it will be clear that by providing a referencemark 34 on the dial at said window, the reference means 27, 34 iscapable of producing di'erent readings.

Between the dial 32 and gear 20 may be provided an internal gear 35 forcarrying a reference mark or means 36, if desired, and

which may co-operate with a circular scale' 37 on the dial 32. T-hisgear 35 may slidingly rest against a peripheral flange of the gear 20,and may itself have a flange 38 retained as by a resilient split lockingring 39, that may also afford a base for a glass 40 which may in turn belocked by a split ring 41 in a well known manner.

For rotating the gear 35, a pinion 42 may be secured on the shaft 30 torotate as a unit with pinions 28, 29, this pinion 42 engaging theinternal gear 35.

ne or more indicating means, such as a long pointer 43 and a shortpointer 44 may be properly mounted for rotation in different degrees bythe indicator. The pointer 43 may be secured on a spindle 45 whichextends freely, kthrough the support 16 and through a hollow shaft 46journaled in an opening in the Wall 23 and dial 32, and which Yshaft 46carries the pointer 44. Interconnecting shafts 45, 46 is a gear trainincluding a gear 47 secured on shaft 45, and engaging a gear 48 having aconcentric pinion 49 engaging agear 50 secured on the 'haft 46. The axisof the gears 48, 49 is thus; fixed relatively to the gear 20.

.Formed at a part of the circular casing enlargement 19 is an extension51, through which may slidingly extend a shaft 52 that is journaled inthe spaced walls of the extension, andsaid shaft having an external knob53 for manual rotation of the same. Fixed on the shaft, is a driveelement'or pinion 54,

the teeth of which are adapted to mesh with those of any or all of thegears 16, 20, 24 accordin to the axial positlon of the pinion. Exten ingaround the shaft is an expansion .'I coil spring 55 tending to move thepinion inward. A movable locking means such as a removable set screw 56may be secured to the shaft 52, the head ofthescrew serving normall as astop for engagin the casing 51 and imiting the movement o the pinion 54.

The operation of the device will now be briefly described. In theposition shown-in Fig. 1, and with pinion 54 in engagement with gears 16and 24, the device is adapted to be set with reference to a particularcondition, or barometric pressure; that is, the pointers 43, 44 andreference means 27, 36 are moved in synchronism and in their propervarying degrees. This position of the instument may be convenientlytermed the reference setting position. lBy pulling on the knob 53 untilthe screw 56 stops further movement, the pinion 54 engages all threegears 16, 20 and 24. By turning the knob 53, the dial 32 is turnedtogether with' gear 20 as a unit with the indicator 11, so that there isno relative rotation of the pointers or reference means, but-al1 ofthese parts move as a unit without any change Nin the readings. In thismanner the instrument may be set with theA pointer 43 having adirectional condition indicating position, as, for instance,horizontally, to aid in the maintenance of level flight. Therefore thissecond position may be denominated 'as the condition maintenanceposition, in contradistinction to the reference setting position. Thethird position of the pinion 54, requires that the set screw 56 shall beremoved so that the pinion may move out of engagement with the gears 16and 20, and engage only the gear 20. When the knob is now turned, arelative movement is caused as between the dial 32 and reference means27, 36. This may be caused by a stationary relation of the gear 24 as byfrictional engagement in any suitable mannerl with the gear 16 orotherwise, and hence rotation of gears 26 and 35 is caused, so that therespective reference means 27 and ,36 move relatively to the dial 32.:The indicator 11 being stationary, the pointers 43, 44 are notai'ected. Hence this operation of the device may be utilized mainly forsetting or adjusting the reference means, as in the event that theinstrument should be inaccurate because of a change in the indicator 11.This third position may be called the adjusting position. Ater it/iscompleted, the screw 56 is replaced to avoid accidental retraction tothethird position, since the latter, if inadvertently used, may result inthrowing the instrument parts entirely .out of their proper relations.

It will be noted that the adjusting means c may be omitted merely byremoving gear 24 and securing the gear 25 directly to gear 16, or bixedly interconnecting gears 16, 24.

T e drive means herein described has an especial advantage' in that theknob 53 may be used for causing the operations or/the positionscorresponding thereto for all three acthe other in a negative direction.Underl standard conditions as of temperature and pressure, the sum ofthe actual readin of pointer and reference means in feet altitude wouldbe zero. The reference means 36 may lbe graduated, in the case of -analtimeter,

either in feet or in inches of mercury for corresponding barometricpressure. Hence the instrument may be directly set without requiringthatthe barometric pressure be cony verted into feet. v

A practical use of the instrument for altimeters is well illustrated inFig. 4. Assume that an aviator is flying at an elevation of 1340 feet,as shown, for example, in Fig. 3. He is passing over acountry 400 feethigh and desires to maintain this elevation and ultimately to land onthat country. He moves the knob 53 in theirst position until referencemeans 36 is at 4. The pointer 43 moves in opposite direction to thereference means, Xfripm 1340 to 940. The knob may now be oved outward tothe second position so as to rotate the dial, pointers, reference means,and indicator until the pointer 43 extends horizontally, thus obtainingthe view shown in Fig. 4. If the aviator flieshigher or lower thepointer 43 Amoves correspondingly up or down. Moreover, the pointer nowindicates elevation above the country. vThe same results may be obtainedby utilizing barometric pressures. Moreover, the reference setting andthe condition maintaining functions of the instrument may beadvantageously 'practised independently of each other.

It will be perceived that the dial in Fig. 3 illustrates a scale whichis graduated according to the decimal system, there being ten numerals,and a rotation of pointer 43 being indicative of 1000 feet of altitude,while a rotation of the pointer 44 indicates 10,000 feet of altitude. Itis seen that a single scale `withla single set of indicia thus suiicefor vboth pointers, making the reading of the dial easy and convenientto accomplish. According to Fig. 4, the dial 57, corresponding to dial32 may have a plurality of concentric scales 58, 59, the scale 58beingsimilar to that shown in Fig. 3 and the scale 59 being graduated for20,000 feet. Here the indicia fox` scale 59 may be comparatively small,while the indicia for the scale 58 are large and prominent. In effectthe .indicia for the latter scale may also serve for scale 59.

In place of the reference means 27, a reference means 60 may be used inFig. 4, this being preferably movable along a slot 61 in the dialcorresponding to window 33. The inner and outer sections of the dial maybe fixed interconnected as by one or more narrow preferably transparentbridge pieces 62 arching across the slot 61, so that the reference means60 may pass thereunder, or the outer dial section may be separatelyconnected in any suitable manner to the gear 20.

. In Figs. 5 and 6 is shown a modification of the invention including aninstrument 65 having a casing 66 for containin an indicator 67 andassociated parts thereo ing may have a circular enlargement and anextension 68 for housing a means that is operative by a setting knob 69.The instrument may have one or more pointers 70, 71

and a plurality of scales 72, 73. These scales may also take the form ofreference pointers as hereinbefore shown. Preferably a combined scaleand reference means is utilized, as, for example, by utilizing arelatively stationary reference means 74 with respect to which thescales 72, 73, or reference scales such as 75, 76 may be movable. In thespecific case shown, I have preferred to show pointed scales andreference scales, and the latter may be associated in unitary or fixedrelation to the former. As shown,fa single reference mark 74 may be usedas an element of both reference means. In order to set this instrumentwith `respect to a certain condition or elevation, the scales such as72, 73 are rotated in relatively different degrees with respect to thereference means 74, and according to the graduations of the scales. Theinstrument may also be set for indicating a vposition the maintenance ofwhich is desired, as will now be described.

The indicator 67 may be rotatably mounted in the casing 66 as by asupport or gear 77 journaled in the casing at 78. This gear isengageable by a pinion 79 fixed on a rotatable slidable shaft 80 towhich the knob is secured. Retaining the pinion 79 normally out ofengagement with the gear 77 is an expansion coil spring 81.

For rotatably mounting the gears 7 3, 82 of the setting mechanism, thesupport or gear 7 7 may have stepped bearing portions 83, 84 on whichthe said gears may be journaled. The outer gear 82 may be engaged withthe pinion 79. Fixed to the member 77 is a gear 85 which may form abearing portion for gear 8 2. They gear 85 may engage a gear 86 that ismounted bymeans of a shaft 87 on the gear 82. Centrally secured to thegear 86 is a pinion 88 that engages the dialgear 73.

The casi The latter may have a part of its bearing provided by a disc 89centrally fixed to the member 77, and which may carry the referencemeans 74. The outer dial 72 may also be in the form of a gear, and maybe engaged by the pinion 79. The gear 72 may be journaled in anysuitable manner, as by being slidingly positioned between the gear 73and a split expansion ring 90, and may also be suitably fitted in thecasing.

The gear train 91 interconnecting the shafts of the pointers 70, 71 maybe the same as that hereinbefore shown, except that its action issomewhat different in that the support 77 is non rotatable relative tothe casing. Hence the pointers are movable only by or with the indicator67.

The operation of this device will now be briefly described. In thereference setting position shown in the drawings, the dials are turnedby the knob 69, in different degrees, without turning the indicator sothat lthe positions of pointers and reference means are unchan ed. Thusthe device may be set to indicate 1n the same general manner as thedevice 10. For example, assume that the aviatorjlies at an elevation of7130 feet, and desires to land on a field in fog or at night. He obtainsthe barometrie pressure at the field and finds that it corresponds to4250 feet. He sets his dials by rotating knob 69 until the referencemeans 74 is at numeral 4250 feet on the reference scale means 76, and at250 feet on the reference scale means 75. Hence his pointers show anelevation of 2,880 feet above the field. Setting and observation of theinstrument requires attention to four scales. It will be noted that thechange in readings 4occur in the same direction for both pointer andreference means as against the opposite directions hereinbeforespecified. Also that the sum of the changes in setting for pointers andreference means is zero.

.If the instrument is to be used for directional indication of a desiredcondition, the knob 69 lnay be pushed inward so that pinion 79 mayengage all three gears 77, 82, 72, so that the device may be turneduntil pointer extends, for example, horizontally, if the maintenance oflevel flight is desired at the elevation of 2880 feet or any otherelevation to which the instrument may be set.

Having considered the above arrangements of dial, pointer and referencemeans, so that the advantages of the preferred form are clearlyapp-arent, I will briefly discuss further possible arrangements, inconnection with the diagrams of Fig. 7. 91 denotesan initial positionfor any arrangement. 92 denotes the arrangement of Figs. 1 to 4, withpointer and reference means moving in opposite directions. In 93, dialand pointer are shown moving in the same direction with respect to areference means, but the pointer moving at a greater or at twice thespeed of the dial. In 94; the dial and reference means are shown movingin the samedirection with respect to a pointer, and the reference meansmoving through an angle twi that of the dial. In both 93 and 94: theeffect produced is basically the Asame as in 92, since the pointer andreference means are on opposite sides of the zero mark of the dial andin effect move oppositely thereto. The form shown in 92 is superior,however, since the dial is stationary so that the numerals are not movedin setting. This is particularly advantageous if the numerals readvertically, as they generally do. But even if the numerals are radiallyarranged .in my preferred manner, it is still generally deslrable tomaintain the numerals in their usual positions. f

In Fig. 8 are shown details of the invention whereby adjustment betweena reference means and a dial may be secured, in substantially the samemanner as shown in Fig. 1, but without shifting the knob `such as 53. Inthis illustration, the indicator rotating gear may be 95, and thereference means rotating gear may be 96. The former may correspond togear 16 andthe latter to either 20 or 35. A pinion 97, corresponding to54, may be mounted on a shaft 98 to be turned by a knob 99. The pinionmay be in engagement with gear 96 and with the pinion 97, thelatterbeingalso in engagement with a pinion 100, the teeth of which may be inmesh with those of the gear 95. The pinion 100 maybe fixed on a shaft101 journaled in the walls 102 of an extension ofthe indicator casing103. An expansion coil s ring 104 may extend around the shaft 101. yexerting an axial force on the shaft 101, the pinion 100 may be movedagainst the force ofthe s ring' 104 out of engagement with gear-95. enceby turning the knob 99, the referencemeans may be moved without turninthe indicator, so that the relationship of tese parts and hence of thereference means to the dial may be adjusted. Upon releasing the shaft101, the gears reen age so that the desired relationship of refrencemeans and indicator is always maintained. It will be understood that theshaft 101 may be made'quite small and incon'spicuous and may have itsoperative end disposed inwardly, against an instrument panelboard, orthe like, so as' to ordinari'ly inaccessible. The device ofFlig. 8 maybe used in the instrument shownin i 1.

It will be noted that while the re erence means 74 is ,single in itsnature, it may also be considered as having a dual character as aplurality of reference means, in connection with the different scales.The term indicating means may be used herein to denote a combination ofscale and used for reference. 'i

In Fig. 9 is shown a device 105 having a modified indicator dial 106which may be advantageously used in barometers and 'altimeters. Thisdial may include a barometric scale 107 reading in suitable units suchas inches of mercury, and an altitude scale 108 that may read in feetaltitude, both scales being arranged to show the equivalency as betweenaltitude and-barometnc pressure. The scales are graduated to increase inopposite directions. At 108a is a line for indicating the normalpressure at sea level. At'108b is an indicia to read for altitudes belowsea level. Associated with the scales, there may be provided a pointer109 operated by a suitable pressure responsive means, and a rotation ofthis pointer may be equal to 1000 feet inches of mercury. Both readingsmay be 'taken simultaneously, the device being of particular advantagein an instrument that is ada ted to be set to a required altitude accoring to the principles of t-he invention. Thus by taking a barometricpressure reading, the device may be directly set as by moving thepointer or other reference means 110, without requiring ,that thebarometric ressure be first converted into feet altitude.

f desired, an additional pointer 111 may be provided following areference means or scale 112 that' may read in inches of mercury. Asshown in the drawings, the instrument indicates a reading of 29.35inches of mercury,

and an altitude of 550 feet:

It will be appreciated that various changes and lmodifications may bemade in the devlce as shown in the drawings, and that the same issubmitted in an illustrative and not in a limitin sense, the scope ofthe invention being de ned in the 'following claims.

' I claim:

1. The combination with an indicator hav ing an operatin means, anindicatingmeans controlled there y, a scale means and a referencemeans,l of a settingmeans for the indicating, scale and reference meansarranged to cause a movement therebetween such that the indications varyinl oppositedirections in equal degrees.

means with respect to the third means such ,that the sum of the changesin the indications of the pointer and reference means on the scalemeansis zero.

3. An indicator including-a pointer means, a reference means, a scalehaving indicia increasing in the same direction, and setting means formoving the pointer means and reference means in opposite directions insynchronized relation with the scale and the in-' dicia thereof.

\ 4. The combination of an indicator having isa a pointer means, areference means, a scale graduated in units of altitude for the pointermeans, and a barometric pressure scale for the reference means, means tocause a relative movement between the pointer means and its scale and acorresponding equivalent movement of the barometric pressure scalerelative to the reference means.

5. An indicator including scale means, pointer means, reference means,operating means for the pointer fmeans, and control means includingmeans for causing a relative movement between scale, pointer andreference means such that'the indications of the pointer andreference'means increase in opposite directions and the sum of thechanges in the respective scale indications for the pointer andreference means is zero, and said control means including means forcausing a movement of scale, pointer, reference and operatin means sothat the indicator will assume a. irectional condition indicatingposition. y

6. An indicator including pointer means, operating means therefor,rscale means, reference means, and common means for moving at will thepointer and reference means relatively to the scale means, and thepointer, reference, scale and Koperating means as -a unit so that theindicator denotes a condition to be maintained.

7. The combination with an instrument having a casing, indicating meansincluding scale, pointer and referencev means, and`operating means forthe indicating means, of means for displacing the indicational relationbetween the pointer, scalev and reference means, and for moving theindicating. and operating means relatively to the casingl whilemaintaining the scale, pointer and reference means in releasablyinterlocked relation.

8. A device including a casing, a plurality 'of scale means, a pluralityof pointer elements, a plurality of reference means for the.individualpointer elements, one of said ypointer elements being di'erent 4than theother so as to be adapted to ositionally refer to a condition to bemaintained,

operating means for thepointer elements,.-

and common means to canse a relative movement in diderent degreesbetween the pointer elements, reference means, and scales, and to causea movement of the pointer elements, scale, and reference and operatingmeans relative to the casing so that the pointer element that isdifferent will indicate said condition.

9. indicator including a plurality of pointer means, operating means foractuating the pointer means in different degrees, scale means, referencemeans for the individual pointer means, an actuatingl means for causinga relative movement in diilerent corresponding degrees between bothrefercations for the pointer and reference means y to be substantiallyequal to zero.

10. The combination with an indicator, a casing, reference means, aplurality of pointer and scale means, of actuating means for moving thediferent scale means in different degrees for setting the device, andmeans coacting with said actuating means whereby a movement as a unitcan be caused of the indicator, reference, pointer and iscale meansrelative to the casing.

11. A device including an indicating means including a plurality ofindicating elements, and a single setting means for moving saidelements'in different degrees or Jfor moving the indicating means intocondition indicating position without changing the set position of theelements.

12. A device including the combination with an indicator having scale,reference, and pointer means, of actuating means for setting the pointerand reference means relatively* to the scale, adjusting means forchanging the relation between" the. scale means'and one of the referenceand pointer means. while maintaining constant the relation of the scalemeans and the other one of the pointer and reference means, and a commonmeans for causing operation of Athe actuating and adjusting meanstogether-1dr one of these units alone for causing individual setting oradjustment of the device.

13.*An indicator havinga plurality of pointers, a dial means therefor,means for moving-the pointers 1n the ratio of one t0 ten, and areference means, the dial means ing movements offthe pointer means inthe ratio of one to ten,` and the ointer and scale means being soco-ordinate that both pointer 'means prpduce a 'zero indication on thescale means with,4 the pointers coinciding with each other, a-.referencemeans, the scale and referencemea'n's being movable relativelv to eachother.' in setting, and setting means for causing a relative movementbetween the pointer, reference-and scale means Suchthat the pointer andJreference indications'vary inv opposite directions in equal degreerelatively to the scale means.

tuating means for moving the indicator, reference, scale and pointermeans relative to the casing, a second actuating means for causing arelative movement between the reference means and scale means alone, andother means for selectively o rating either the first or second mentionemeans.

17. A device including a` casing, an indicator, reference, scale andpointer' means, operating mechanism includin actuating means .for movingthe indicator, re erence, scale, and

. pointer means as a unit relative tothe casing,

said operating mechanism4 including means for causing a relative settingmovement between the pointer, scale, and reference means alone, saidoperating mechanism including means for causing a different relativemovement between the reference, pointer and scale means for adjustment,said operating mechanism including a single means for selectivelyoperating the first, second, and third mentioned means.

18. A device including a casing, an indicator, pointer, scale landreference means, actuating means for causing a relative movement betweenthe scale means and one of the reference and pointer'means, a secondactuating means for moving the indicator, pointer and scale meansrelative to the casing, and a unitary means for operating the first orboth actuating means.

19. A device including a casing, an instrument therein includingpointer, scale, and reference means, and operating means includingactuating means for causing a relative movement between the scale andone of the reference, and pointer means while maintaining fixedl therelation of the scale to the other one of the reference and pointermeans, a second actuating means for causing a relative movement betweenreference, scale, and pointer means, a third actuating means for movingsaid instrument relatively to said casing, said first actuating meansincluding a single means removable therefrom for selectively engagingand operating the second or third actuating means.

20. An indicator including scale, pointer, and reference means, meansfor causing a relative movement between pointer, scale, and referencemeans including actuating means individually operative for causing arelative movement between the scalemeans and onlyonev of the referenceand pointer means, and

positive means for preventing individual operation of the actuatingmeans.

21. An altimeter including an indicator means, pointer, scale, andreference means, actuator means for causing a relative movement betweenthe scale means and the indicator means, and reference means, saidactuator means including a drive having a plurality of interengagingelements, manual means for controlling the drive, said drive includingan element that is separatel manually movable out of engagement with theother elements of the drive so that a relative movement may be causedbetween the indicator means andreference means alone by actuation ofonly one of the last mentioned means.

22. A device including an indicator,isup

porting means rotatably mounting the same,-

by when the indicator alone is turned the irst and second actuatingmeans interact to cause a movement 4between pointer, scale, andreference means.

23. A device including an indicator, supporting means rotatably mountingthe same, a unitary means rotatably mounted on said supporting means,said unitary means including an actuating means and scale, pointer andre erence means co-operating with said actuating means for movementthereby, a second actuating means movable with the indicator andoperatively associated with the first actuating means, and other meansfor rotating the indicator alone or the indicator together with the saidunitary means, whereby when `the indicator alone is turned the first andsecond actuating means interact to cause. a movementlbetween pointer,scale, and reference means.

24,' A device including a pressure sensitive indicator having a rotorypointer, means rotatably supporting the indicator, and an actuator unit.rotatably mounted on the supporting means inconcentric relation withthe indicator, said unit including a reference ,means rotatably carriedthereby, and a scale non rotatably carried by said unit.

25. A device including an indicator, means supporting the same, and aunit rotatably carried by the supporting means, said unit including anindicating means including a plurality of elements relatively movable toeach other, one of said elements being stationary with respect to saidunit.

26. A device including an indicator, means interconnecting the spindleand the indicating means, and means to cause a relative movement betweenthe indicator and actuator means for operating the indicating means. v

27. A device including an indicator, pointer means movable in differentdegrees,

a plurality of separate scales for the respecf tive pointer meansmovable relatively to the indicator, actuating means for'moving thescales in different degrees independently of the indicator, saidactuating means including a manual control mea/ns, -and other actuatingmeans releasably en ageable by said manual control means so t at theindicator and scales are rotatable asa unit in relatively stationaryrelation to each other.

28. A device including a casing, an indicator, scales therefor movablein different degrees, and means for displacing said scales iny differentdegrees relatively to the indicator, or for concomitantly movin saidscales and indicator in equal degrees re ative to the caslng.

29. A device including an indicator, a casing therefor, a lurality ofindicating means movable in di erent degrees, with the indicator and oneof the indicating means being movable relatively to each other forreference setting of the indicating means, and means movable for causingthe setting of the indicating means, or for moving the indicator andindicating means as a unit and in equal degrees relative to said casing.

30. A device including an indicator, a casing therefor, a plurality ofpointer means, a

.plurality of refernce means, scale means,

means for causing either a relative movement in different degreesbetween scale, pointer and reference means, including a rel ativemovement between the indicator and scale means, or a movement as a unitof the indicator, reference, scale and pointer means relative to thecasing.

31. An indicator having a plurality of pointers, a plurality ofreference means, a common scale means, means .for moving the pointers'in di'erent degrees in the ratio of onev to ten to each other, andmeans for causing a relative setting movement between pointers,scale,`and reference means in the same ratio. l'

32. A device including a plurality of pointer elements, scale means forthe pointer elements, said scale means having a common initial point,anvindicator for moving the pointer elements in a ratio of one to ten toeach other, the pointer elements and scales being so arranged that bothpointerelements coincide with the common initial point when the slowmoving pointer elementis at said point, and reference means, the scalemeans and reference means being movable in the ratio of one to tenrelatively to each other in setting the device.

33. A device including a plurality of pointer means, reference meanscorresponding thereto, a plurality of scales for the pointer means andthe reference means, anA 1nd1cator for moving the polnter means' indiiferent degrees, and means for caus- 1ng a relative settlng movementbetween the pointer means, scales and reference means, the pointermeans, scales and Tefverence means being so arranged that theindications of the pointer means and the reference means are zero understandard conditions of altitude and barometric pressure.

34. Thel combination of an indicator, a plurality of pointer meansactuated by the indicator in different degrees, a reference means, abarometric pressure scale for the reference means, a scale means for thepointer .means, a setting means to cause changes in diferent degrees inthe indications of the different pointer means and to cause a relativecorresponding equivalent movement between the reference means and thebarometric pressure scale such that` the changes in the indications ofpointer and reference means are positive and negative in character.

35. An indicator having a plurality of pointer means, anactuatingmechanism to cause indicating movements of the pointer means in theratio of one to ten, and setting means to cause changes of theindications of the pointer means in the ratio of one to ten.

36. An indicator having a plurality of pointer means, a reference means,scale means, indicating means to cause indicating movements of thepointer means relative to each other in the ratio one to ten, andsetting means to cause changes in the indications of the pointer meansin the ratio of one to ten and to cause'a simultaneous change of theindication of the reference means.

37. An altimeter having a scale, an indicator, a plurality of pointersmovable in the ratio of one to ten by the indicator, said pointers beingcoordinated with said scale, and the indicator and scale being rotatablerelatively to each other.

V38. An altimeter including an indicator, a plurality ofointers movablein the ratio of one to tenby said indicator, a common scale for bothpointers, said pointers being operative by the indicator so as tocoincide at the zeropoint of the scale at sea. level, and referencemeans associated with said scale, and setting means for causing changesin the indications othe pointers inthe same ratio the reference means.

39. An indicator having a plurality of pointer means, a'n actuatingmeans or moving the pointer means in the ratio of one to ten, a scalemeans, a reference means, and setting means for causingl a synchronoussetting movement between the pointer, scale and referencemeans such thatthe sum of the changes inthe indications of the pointer and referencemeans on the scale means is zero.

40. An indicator having a plurality of pointer means, an actuating meansfor moving the pointer means in the ratio of one to ten, acommon scalemeans, a reference means, and setting means for causing a settingmovement between pointer, scale and reference means in the one to tenratio and such that the pointer and reference indications vary inopposite directions in equal degrees.

41. An altimeter having an indicator responsive to changes inatmospheric pressure, a common altitude scale means having a zero point,a plurality of pointers movable by the indicator in the ratio of one toten, and the pointers coinciding at the zero point of the common scalemeans at sea level, and setting means for causing a change in theindications of the pointers in the same ratio with the scale means andindicator moving relatively to each other.

42. An indicator having an indicator actuating means, pointer meansoperated thereby, altltude scale means for the pointer means, andreference means, characterized in that the pointer means includes aplurality of pointers movable in the ratio of one to ten, a barometricscale for the reference means, and means to cause a relative setting,movement between the scale means and the pointers in the same ratio anda corresponding equivalent movement between the reference means 'and thebarometric scale.

43. An altimeter including an indicator responsive to changes inatmospheric pressure, a plurality of pointers movable thereby in a ratioof a multiple of one to ten, and concentric altitude scales for theindividual pointers graduated in a common direction according to a likeratio, said scales having a common zero position, and the pointerscoinciding with each other at said zero position at seav level altitudeat standard barometric ressure, reference means associated with at eastone scale and its pointer, and a common means for causing a change inthe indications of the pointers according to said ratio and with thereference means producing a change in reference indication in oppositedirection to that of its associated pointer.

44. An altimeter including a casing, an indicator therein having aplurality of pointers movable thereby in the ratio of one to ten, acommon scale for the pointers having a zero point, the pointers beingoperative by the indicator to coincide with each other at said zeropoint at a pressure corresponding substantially to sea level altitude,and means to cause a rotary movement of the indicator, pointers andcommonscale relative to said casing. f

45. An altimeter including an indicator having a plurality of pointersmovable thereby in the ratio of one to ten, a dial having a common scalefor the pointers, reference means, a barometricI scale at the face ofthe dial for the reference means, and setting means for causing thevindications of the pointers to move according to said ratio and thevindication of the reference means with the barometric scale to changesynchronously therewith. i

46. An altimeterl `having an indicator, pointer means including aplurality of pointers movable thereby in the ratio of one to ten,reference means, a common scale for the pointer and reference means, andsetting means to cause the scale indications of the pointer andreference means to change in opposite directions relatively to eachAother with the pointers moving in the ratio of one to ten.

47. An altimeter including an indicator, a plurality of pointers, a dialhaving individual scales for the pointers, reference means for the dial,said dial and reference means and pointers being interrelativelyrotatable for setting the altimeter, said scales having equallyangularly spaced indicia and the corresponding'indicia on the differentscales being in alined radial relation with each other, each of saidscales having ten indicia, the pointers being movable by the indicatorin a ratio of a multiple of one to ten, and the scales being calibratedin correspondence with the movement of the respective pointers.

48. An altimeter including'a casing, an indicator therein, a pluralityof pointers, a dial having concentric individual scales for thepointers, and means for rotating the indicator, pointers and dial as aunit relatively to the casing so that one of the pointers will indicatea condition to be maintained, said scales having equally angularlyspaced indicia and the corresponding indicia on the different scalesbeing in alined radial relation with each other, each of said scaleshaving ten indicia, the pointers being movable by the indicator in aratio of a multiple of one to ten, and the scales being calibrated incorrespondence with the movementy of the respective pointers.

In testimony whereof I affix my signature.

PAUL KOLLSMAN.

